فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 9 (زمستان 1387)

Although the urbanism is one of the outstanding features of the social life development, it has own challenges and abnormalities and also preventive methods. By passing times, the solidarity of different social science and interrelation of preventive criminology to the identification of every community in particular is specified. This article deals with the functions of the different official and unofficial institutions in urban crime prevention and emphasizes on this fact that the urban structure is a place for confrontation, conflict and difference of cultures which their identification for crime prevention is necessary.

The most effective applied ways for crime prevention are anticipation, identification, crime risk assessment as well as the taking appropriate measures in elimination and reduction of crime under the National Plan. This Plan is required to a process of which crime control mechanisms have been established and then will be implemented. The first step for the identification, assessment and solution- finding is the review of current status of crime and delinquency. Meanwhile, identification and thorough analysis of the target problem can specify its aspects. This issue not only provides the picture of the desired situation, but is a main guideline for the achieving the necessary programs for the problem-solving and setting the strategies for the best situation. The success in the review of the current status depends on the crime analysis development. Having various scientific theories on the crime analysis and prevention and equipping with criminal analysis tools and bewaring of utilizing methods of analyses facilitates the review of current status of delinquency and guarantees its efficiency.The study of domain and extend of the crime, degree of the risk and its development and also identification of competences, assessment and modalities are considered as crucial points. Therefore, Crime Prevention Commission of the Strategic Studies Centre for the Legal and Judicial Undersecretary of the Judiciary has prepared the draft of the National Plan for Crime Prevention in Iran, considered as the first comprehensive Iranian plan on crime prevention, aiming at the centralization on the implementing programs and plans of crime prevention an also full participation of responsible agencies.

Nowadays, deeds and properties registration has an evident role on the stabilization of the individual's rights since official documents are currently considered as the most reliable proofs. The out of date registration regulations, taking inaccurate policies in this field, non-considering the utilization of scientific tools and mechanisms with view to updating the services, provide the delinquents with the proper opportunities for committing registration crimes. The crimes committed in the field of deeds and properties registration are very important in terms of their numbers and their adverse effects. These crimes, due to their direct or indirect impacts are in need of special attention of criminal policy makers.

Today, cross border of countries is feasible by sing passport indicating the identity of the citizens. By developing technology the shape and the quality of passports has changed as some countries use the most developed one which is biometric passport. Nonetheless, some persons are resorting any fraudulent ways to cross borders illegally. In countries where the passports issued via traditional or semi-electronic methods, fraud, forgery and crime committing is possible. Therefore, the role third party in provoking the owner of passport for forging is prominent. This crime can be tackled by taking necessary actions. This article will be discussing the important crimes committed in the process of issuance and using the passport.

Criminal justice system is consisted of different institutions and parts that try to confront with crimes. In general, this system aims at establish public order thorough criminal justice process composing of inspection, prosecution, proceeding, judgment and punishment. In each of those stages there are many institutions vested in special powers for achieving this goal. In this article police force will be discussed as the main agency in implementing justice. Police force in the UK has different system and structure in comparison with other countries and also there are many institutions outside the police although, strictly speaking they can not be called police, they have police powers and collaborate with police force in the field of crime prosecution. These agencies will be further discussed.

Research on the share of the ethnic minorities in delinquency and its standing in the criminal justice system is one of the important issues that can be studied on the various dimensions. Often, the official and police statistics report more share of ethnic minorities in delinquency than majority of the population. Under the criminal justice system the ethnic minorities as the accused, defendant and victim are at risk of different discriminations. This article is going to review the volume of the crime committed by the ethnic minorities in Netherlands beyond what has been announced in the official statistics. To this end, two methods of self-reporting and victimization studies have been used. In addition, it has been dealt with the position of ethnic minorities in the criminal process from arrest to verdict and its implementation. The findings of this research show that intervention of minorities in the petit crimes is more than Dutch which depends on the factors rather than personal factors. Although the racial bias doesnt exist in the policing and arrest, the relations of police with ethnic minorities are controversial. A degree of discrimination has proved at the prosecution and court proceedings. This article has also with a comparative approach referred to the study results of the other countries like the UK, Germany and the United States.

Human being always condemns the torture. No one absolutely agrees with the torture. The reason for the condemnation of torture is denying the human dignity. Various international instruments have also dealt with the torture and degrading treatments namely Universal declaration of Human Rights (Art.14), Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Art.7) and specifically Convention against torture and other degrading treatment or cruel inhuman punishments (adopted in 1984). Apart from the prohibition of torture, the United Nations is aware of carry out the torture in practice therefore has established a fund for protecting the torture victims. Reviewing the theoretical basics of torture in the international instruments, this article, written by the director of the UN Fund for the torture victims has looked into the practical facts of torture in the today world and introducing the aforesaid Fund.